Chapter+6+Civil+Rights+-+Definitions,+Text+Notes,+Class+Notes+&+Connecting+Theory+to+Reality

=Ch. 6 Civil Rights - Definitions, Text Notes, Class Notes & Connecting Theory to Reality= = = =__Definitions (Write the definitions in your own words & try to insert or link a picture with each definition.)__=


 * **Equal Rights Amendment-** This amendment was proposed to the U.S. Constitution and was intended to guarantee //__equal rights__// to all Americans under the law regardless of their gender. Previously, women got discriminated against frequently by state or federal governments, but thanks to this amendment, that would quickly change.


 * **De Facto Discrimination**- A form of segregation that may be maintained by means ranging from in hiring and in the rental and sale of housing to certain races to vigilante violence such as lynchings; a situation that occurs when members of different races mutually prefer to associate and do business with members of their own race would often be described as //separation// or //de facto separation// of the races rather than //segregation//.
 * **De Jure Discrimination**- This was simply segregation that was mandated by law. In fact, //de jure// literally means "by law," and therefore the racial segregation is due to the law (which is also known as official policy).
 * Thirteenth Amendment**- Bans all forms of involuntary servitude (specifically Slavery) in America. It was passed during the post Civil War Era.


 * Affirmative action**: an affirmative action policy's goal is to give rights or priveleges to a certain group that has been descriminated against in the past. An example of affirmative action are Title IX policies.


 * Suspect classification**: a category, such as gender or race, that the Supreme Court considers with strict scrutiny. Brown v. Board of Education is an example in which the suspect classification of race caused the Supreme Court to use extra scrutiny.


 * Black Codes:** Laws that denied most basic legal rights to former slaves following the Civil War; passed in the southern states


 * Fourteenth Amendment:** One of three amendments passed during the Civil War era. It granted equal protection and due process of law to all U.S. citizens.

Gender was not made a suspect classification, but created an intermediate standard of review for cases. Since that time many practices have been found to violate the Fourteenth Amendment: - Single-sex public nursing schools - Laws that consider men adults at 21, but women adults at 18 - Laws that allow women, but not men, to receive alimony - Preemptory challenges in jury selection based on gender - Virginia's all-male, publicly funded military college, the Virginia Military Institute


 * Fifteenth Amendment:** Another of the three amendments of the Civil War era; it enfranchised former male slaves.


 * Nineteenth Amendment:** Amendment to the Constitution that gives women the right to vote.


 * Jim Crow Laws:** Laws enacted in the southern states that discriminated against blacks by segregating many public accommodations, such as schools, theaters, and hotels.


 * Grandfather Clause:** Voting qualification clause in the South that only allowed blacks to vote if their grandfathers had voted before the Reconstruction period or if they passed a wealth or literacy test.


 * Suffrage Movement:** From 1890 to 1920, when women protested to recieve their right to vote.


 * Title IX** - Bans sex discrimination in schools, whether it be in academics or athletics.


 * Civil Rights Cases** - (1883) Five cases arguing the Civil Rights Act of 1875. The court decided discrimination in public accomodations like threats, hotels, and railroads could not be rohibited by the act because it was pricate, not state, discrimination.

-Outlawed arbitrary discrimination in voter registration and expedited voting rights lawsuits. -Barred discrimination in public accommodations engaged in interstate commerce. -Authorized the Department of Justice to initiate lawsuits to desegregate public facilities and schools. -Provided for the withholding of federal funds from discriminatory state and local programs. -Prohibited discrimination in employment on grounds of race, color, religion, national origin, or sex. -Created the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) to monitor and enforce the bans on employment discrimination.
 * The Civil Rights Act of 1964**:


 * Civil Rights -**guaranteed by the government**,** these rights of individuals protect against discrimination based on race, gender, ethnicity, age, religion, or sexual orientation.


 * equal protection clause**- a section in the 14th amendment that guarantees equal protection under the law to all citizens


 * Strict scrutiny**- employed by the Supreme Court, it is a heightened standard of review used to determine if a practice is constitutional


 * Equal Employment Opportunity Commission**- a federal agency created to enforce the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which forbids discrimination on the basis of race, creed, national origin, religion, or sex in hiring, promotion, or firing.


 * Plessy v. Ferguson** (1896) Supreme Court ruled that separate but equal accommodations do not violate the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
 * Brown v. Board of Education** (1954) End of legal segregation in the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that school segregation in not constitutional because it violates the equal protection clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.


 * Education Amendments of 1972:** specifically states that women cannot be descriminated against in any educational institution that receives federal funds. This is considered a victory under Title IX
 * Lawrence v Texas (2003):** The Supreme Court reversed an earlier ruling that had banned sodomy to be unconstitutional and homosexuals were given the full right "to engage in their conduct without intervention of the government" (Justice Kennedy).

Text Notes & Class Notes
Congress banned the slave trade in 1808 after the 20-year period specified by the Constitution expired. Blacks made up a quarter of the US population in 1820, and were the majority in some southern states. With the introduction of the cotton gin, the South became increasingly dependent on agriculture, and on cheap slave labor as its economic base. At the same time, the North was becoming more industrialized; this deepened the political and cultural differences between the two regions.
 * Slavery, Abolition, and Winning the Right to Vote, 1800-1890**

Cases to know: Plessy v. Fergusson - decided that separate but equal is okay Brown v. Board of Education - overturned Plessy v. Fergusson Brown II - says that states shoud de-segregate with speed (because some states continued to practice segregation after Brown saying that they would eventually segregate) University of California Regents v. Bakke - bars quota system, upholds legality of affirmative action Gratz v. Bollinger - the "point" system of University of Michigan regarding affirmative action was unethical Grutter v. Bollinger - The affirmative action policies at University of Michigan's Law School are okay Korematsu v. United States - the Japanese exclusion was not unconstitutional United States v. Virginia - allowed women to attend VMI because it is a public school (can't discriminate) __Women__ ~Triggered the US to sue VA/ VMI ~US vs. VA (1996) Females can't be refused state funded higher educated oppertunities based soley upon their gender
 * Now- National Organization of Women
 * Equal Rights Amendment (1970s)
 * Title IX 1972 (sex discrimination for federally funded education programs is illegal)
 * VA Military Institute and and Shanon Faulkner:

__Disabled Americans:__
 * ADA (Americans with Disabilities Act)
 * It is not as effective as it was thought to have become due to the fact that the number of people who are considered disabled has not increased over the years.
 * In order to be considered disabled according to the ADA an injury or ailment must limit major life activity. Accommodations for those disabled and in the work force include modified work equipment, accessible facilities, and adjusted work schedules.

__Homosexuals__
 * Legal Centers/ Groups
 * Don't Ask/ don't tell (1993)
 * Gay Marriage- Massachusets (2004)
 * Boy Scout Case (2000)
 * Lawrence vs. Texas (2003): Declared texas Law banning private consesual sex between adults of the same gender unconstitutional.

__Hispanic, Native, Asian Americans__ =**Summary of the Chapter**:= While the Framers ans other Americans lived amidst the glory of the new Bill of Rights and the COnstitution, not every American was protected under the delineated rights. Slavery was out-done after teh civil war, but tense feelings still were apparent up to the middle of the twentieth century. The fight for female suffrage were basically to no avail. Civil War amendments seemed necessary, but the Jim Crow laws acted as a hinderer. Later, groups assembled for rights, such as homosexuals, women, immigrants, and other controversial rights seekers. For further reading refer to page 234 of the textbook for a condensed list of selections.
 * Advocacy groups
 * Some Victories(ESOL Classes)
 * Legal Centers/ Groups- litigation
 * Sit-ins, boycotts

__**Connecting Theory to Reality**__ Afirmative action and other results of the civil rights movement in America affect our lives especially as we prepare to enter college or the workforce. It is important that we understand how civil rights has affected our culture and our country so that we can understand our rights as all men created equal. These rights have changed over time and continue to change.