Ch.+14+The+Campaign+Process+-+Definitions,+Text+Notes,+Class+Notes+&+Connecting+Theory+to+Reality

=Ch. 14 The Campaign Process- Definitions, Text Notes, Class Notes & Connecting Theory to Reality=

=Definitions (Write the definitions in your own words & try to insert or link a picture with each definition.)=

__**Free Media**__ - Is news media coverage of a candidate's campaign such as a newspaper article.
 * campaign manager:** the head of a candidate's campaign. The campaign manager travels with the candidate and makes day-to-day decision about the campaign, such as which TV show to go on, etc.
 * campaign consultant:** private sector professionals who sell a candidate the technology, services, and strategies needed to get him/her elected
 * finance chair:** responsible for bringing in the money for the campaign.
 * __Media Consultant__**- hired professional by a politician to produce tv, radio, and print advertisement. Are responsible for creating the candidates public 'image'.
 * __Paid Media__** - Political advertisement that has been paid for by the candidate.
 * pollster** - a professional surveyor who makes public opinion surveys that help guide political parties.
 * direct mailer** - a professional who oversees a political party's campaign direct-mail fundraising strategies.
 * communications director** - a professional who oversees the general media (TV commercials, radio, and mail media) strategy of a candidate.
 * positive ads-** ads paid for by a candidate that states their qualifications, family, issue positions and has no reference to their opponent
 * negative ads**- ads that attack the candidates platform and/or character [|Negative Ads Example]
 * contrast ad**- an ad paid for by a candidate that states records and proposals of all but is biased towards the person paying.
 * Voter canvass -** technique that contacts a broad range of voters by both door-to-door and telephone.
 * Soft money -** campaign money raised and spent by political parties and individuals. Soft money pays for issue advocacy. [|Soft Money Donor Index]
 * Hard money** - campaign money that is legally specified and limited by the gov.
 * Nomination Campaign:** The part of the candidate's campaign is geared towards winning the primary election.
 * Personal Campaign:** The part of the candidate's campaign that tries to effectively presents his or her public image.
 * Organizational Campaign:** The part of the candidate's campaign that does not involve the candidate directly an focuses on such tings as fund-raising and handing out pamphlets.
 * Political Action Committee (PAC):** an official fundraising committee mandated by the government that represents interest groups in the political process. Their donations to presidential campaigns is often seen as controversial because some believe that corrupt special interest groups use their campaign donations to buy votes for legislators; therefore, the less-affluent are at a disadvantage. [|PAC Index]
 * public funds:** donations from general tax revenues to the campaigns of presidential candidates
 * matching funds:** donations to presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a candidate raises (the federal government “matches” the candidate’s funds)


 * __General Election Campaign-__** The portion of a political campaign that focuses on winning a general election. A General Election Campaign is the campaign that is aimed at the ultimate goal of all candidates, winning the general election.
 * __Press Secretary-__** The person in charge with interacting and communicating with the media and journalists on a daily basis.
 * __Get-Out-The-Vote (GOVT)-__** At the end of a political campaign, this is the final effort to encourage people to support the candidate and go to the polls.
 * media campaign** -The way candidates reach out to voters through the media or in person.
 * spot ad** -TV advertising by a candidate that is thirty-sixty or ten second duration.
 * inoculation ad** -Advertising that blocks the opponent from an attack before it happens. They are used to anticipate the actions of one's opponent and provide a preemptive defense of the candidate.


 * finance chair:** a professional who coordinates the fundraising efforts for the campaign this includes dinner party fundraisers, spending on media outlets, and miscellaneous expenses.
 * candidate debate:** a forum in which political candidates face each other to discuss their platforms, records, and character
 * Poll Tax** - were used to exclude African Americans from voting by southern states before the 1890's. Small taxes on the right to vote that often came due when poor aftican american sharecroppers had the least amount of money on hand

Text & Class Notes
Ch 14 notes The Structure of a Campaign -What happens during a nomination campaign? ~Candidates from the same party try to get the nomination to run against a candidate from the other party in the general election. ~candidates get acclimated to the election process ~no less important than the general election, but you are able to be more flexible. - What happens during a general election campaign? ~Candidates from different parties face off to win the position, i.e governer, president... ~open to intense media scrutiny ~candidates try to gain support from the masses and appeal to everyone, as opposed to just those in their own party -What is a personal campaign? ~Candidate meets people in person to get their support -What is the organisational campaign? ~raising money from supporters ~Staff, offices, ads, fundraising, public opinion polls.... ~Canvasing, calling - what is the media campaign? ~using tv, radio, internet, newspapers, and magazines to win support for a candidate

In this chapter we switched our focus from the election decision and turned our attention to the actual campaign process. What we have seen is that while __modern campaigning makes use of dazzling new technologies__ and __a variety of strategies to attract voters__, **campaigns still tend to rise and fall on the strength of the individual candidate**.

 The Nomination Campaign -Candidate learns to adjust to constantly being on the spotlight. -Candidates seek support from party leaders and interest groups. -They test out proposed themes, slogans, and strategies. -This is a very important time for candidates to gain and maintain general support from the party and the electorate. -Candidates have to be careful that they do not become too extreme for the november electorate just to win the nomination campaign.

 The General Election Campaign -Candidates have to decide on issues they will emphasize. -They seek money and endorsements from interest groups. -Most candidates chose one brief slogan or theme to use throughout the whole campaign. - A candidate's position and issues depend on personal conviction, party platform, and previous experience. -Public opinion polls play an important rule when candidates decide whether their issues matter enough to the public.

Through their personal campaigns, candidates strive to prove to their constituents that they are hardworking, positive individuals with a high level of integrity both in their personal lives and work ethic. The personal campaign is run by the candidate themselves as much as other medias can attempt to portray the candidate in certain lights as well - it is through the candidate's personality and actions that the personal campaign either succeeds or fails and this campaign impacts the primaries, general elections and media campaigns as well.
 * Personal Campaign**

The Media and Campaigns

What are kinds of paid media? Candidates and their media consultants decide what ads to air during the candidate's campaign. They can choose between a wide array of ads, including positive ads, neg. ads, contrast ads and spot ads. Even though a candidate's ads are extremely influential to a voter, the //news// media often has a greater impact.

Voting Frequencies 18 - 24 year olds only vote at a percentage amount of 36.1%. Why is this? a.) This age bracket does not vote because many of them feel no involvment in the issues. The issues do not affect them, therefore they feel no reprecussions from not voting. Campaigns do not tailor platforms to this group becuase they do not vote, and this group does not vote becuase canidates show no interest in their issues. Younger age groups also tend to be more mobile. This leads to their not feeling connected to an area, not having a family, or simply being too busy, all factors which increase non-voting. It is just a cycle so if politicians started addressing problems that concern that age group then perhaps younger people would start voting. It makes sense for politicions to start doing that because they could possibly get more votes.

The highest voter frequency is found in older groups, typically in their 60's or even older. This results in candidates focusing on issues such as health care, social security, and retirement: issues which are more immediately on the minds of the elderly.

//Paid Media// positive ads- stress candidates good points negative ads- attack opponents contrast ads- compare candidates, biased to sponsor spot ads- 10-60 second ads inoculation ads- prevent bad ads in the future
 * The Media and Campaigns**

//Free Media// whatever the editors deem "fit to print" can affect voter support (if ahead or behind in polls, or with negative or positive media coverage) candidates are isolated from press, stage media events, spin stories and have debates want only support

__Campaign Strategies__ favorable media coverage isolate the candidate from the media sound bites at staged events spin things to benefit the candidate debates

//Technology and Campaign Strategy// use targeted messages now faster printing technology, Internet, email, fax, video and telephones have recorded phone messages want to show they know about technology

A. Individual Contributions** -maximum allowable contribution under federal law for congressional and presidential elections is $2,000 per election to each candidate -primaries and general elections are considered separate -limit of $47,500 in gifts to all candidates combined each year -most funds for candidates received directly from individuals -** officially recognized fund-raising organizations that are allowed by federal law to participate in federal elections. -4,000 PAC's are registered with the Federal Election Comission. -give primarily to incumbents because incumbents tend to win. -cannot use corporate or union funds or donations for electioneering communications -** candidates receive donations from their party -nominees receive a significant donation -advantage for parties to give money: elected officals are more likely to vote with their party when given a large contribution from their party
 * Sources of Political Financial Contribution
 * B. Political Action Committee (PAC) Contributions
 * C. Political Party Contributions

-When financially well-to-do incumbants in Congress or state legislatures contribute to their party's candidate. -Many donate by creating PAC's which distribute support and money to the candidates -Another way is by individuals donating money. One person can donate up to $2,000 per candidate per election, with a total of $10,000 per election ($5,000 for the primary and $5,000 for the general election)
 * D. Member-to-Candidate Contributions**

-Usually comes from the money the candidate makes from holding an office he or she is currently in or from a government job, usually within a department. Ex: A representative from the house might run for state governor, but uses the money made from holding the representative job.
 * E. Candidates' Personal Contributions**

-Public funds are from the general tax revenue that is given to the campaigns of qualifying Presidential candidates. -Matching funds are also given; they are donations to Presidential campaigns by the federal government. The amount is determined by the amount of private funds a candidate raises from private or personal contributions.
 * F. Public Funds**


 * G. Independent Expenditures**

Why don't people vote? -apathetic -lack of education/time/knowledge -institutional obstacles What can be done? -make Election Day a holiday -voting online -register online -vote by mail ~people able to vote where it is closer to them. Not having to travel to their own presinct even if they are near a voting location. --easier --more people might vote --takes longer to figure out the winners --harder to count --the due date is set too far in advance or too close to the election
 * absantee ballots
 * massive amount of people/long lines
 * registration complications/problems
 * put it in the middle of a week
 * make time longer (24 hours to vote)
 * PROS:
 * CONS:

Donors: Can give hard or soft money Soft money is totally prohibited by national parties state and local parties limited to $10,000 for voter registration and voting activities no limit for single issue organizations Hard money is limited to $2,000 per election to candidate and $25,000 per year to national parties advertising limits regulate use of hard money and time advertisements can be aired

Problems: Despite a new campaign finance reform law (which banned "soft money"), fund raising records and campaign spending records were broken in the 2004 election. The 527s spent large numbers of unregulated money in 2004. The Democratic 527's spent $115 million, nearly double of their Republican counterparts. Possible reform: Since the abolition of 527's is unlikely, there is a need to determine who the 527s represent and from whom they get their funding.
 * Campaign Finance Reform**

-** Raising money online is cheaper than holding events or fundraisers. -It is much easier for candidates to raise money. -Candidates are able to get the word out more easily about their campaigns in order to attract voters. -Could cause a lot of problems in regulation for the FEC.
 * The Effects of the Internet on Campaigns

527s are a way for voters to donate money indirectly to political campaigns. They are allowed to spend large amounts of unregulated "soft money" through voter mobilization (contributing money to a campaign without giving it directly to the party). This is a way for political parties to get around the "hard money" regulations.
 * 527's and their Effects on Campaign Finance**

527s are regulated in some ways; for instance, they are allowed to run ads for or against any candidate, and they can support any candidate directly. However, they are not allowed to say "vote for or against this certain candidate." They can also have no direct contact with the campaigns.
 * Regulations of 527s**

BRINGING IT TOGETHER: THE 2004 PRESIDENTIAL CAMPAIGN AND ELECTIONS

The 2004 election divided America in a way it had never seen before. Polls showed only 3% of voters remained undecided on their position. Even though Bush had little/no opposition, the Republican part did hold primaries. But little attention was paid because obviously Bush was an incumbent. On the other hand, there were 10 Democrats vying for the party's nomination. The candidates mainly focused on contrasting themselves against Bush, since there was much public unhappiness about the US in Iraq.

- Candidates win elections by gaining access to media. -use mostly paid media: ads on TV and printing ads in magizines, newspapers, etc. (print media) -candidates also rely on free media like news coverage in papers and on tv news channels. -candidates can not only rely on free media, since it is not under their control, so they are forced to used paid media and use campaign dollars to ensure their message is delievered without being criticized. -internet is the cheap way to deliever messages to the public and still have it under their campaign control. -has been governed by the Federal Election Campaign Act or the FECA since the 1970s. -was amended in 2002 by the Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act due to the increase in the use of soft money after huge, unregulated sums of money from companies (such as Enron) once again flooded the campaigns of both Democrats and Republicans. -the amending of the FECA was challenged but was upheld by the supreme court.
 * The Media and Campaigns**
 * Campaign Finance**

There hasn't been to much in the way of paid media yet, but look for it certainly once the primaries get closer. As for Free Media, with a debate daily (not really, but frighteningly close to that frequency), candidates are getting a lot of free press with regards to what they say, or how they performed in those debates. Then, 24-hr. networks need something to talk about for 24 hours, so they devote a lot of time analyzing comments that have been made by candidates and possibly doing interviews following up on things the candidates have said in those debates. The newest media medium being used this year by candidates during campaigns is the internet, specifically YouTube. Candidates are reaching out to the 18-24 demographic, even though that demographic doesn't really vote, with YouTube.
 * Connecting Theory to Reality**

Since the amendment of FECA, presidential campaigns have seen more financing coming from hard money. Rapidly spreading Internet access across the United States allows individuals to donate money directly to candidates more easily than ever before.